Social,
Ethical, Legal, and Human Issues
Scavenger
Hunt
Section
1: Copyright and Fair Use
1. What protection does the U.S. Copyright Law
give authors related to multimedia presentations and information appearing on
the web?
The use of copyrighted material on the web is exactly the
same as copyrighted material in print.
It cannot be reproduced without the consent of the author or creator of
the work. The copyright is assumed as
soon as the work is created and requires no formal registration. In the case of
creating multimedia projects for classroom works, the project would be
considered fair use if had copyrighted material within it, but if the same
project were posted to the web for everyone and anyone to see it, it would then
be an infringement of rights to the author/creator of the copyrighted material
be expressed on the web.
The protection the U.S. Copyright Law gives authors related
to multimedia presentations and information appearing on the web is the same
protection they receive on print platforms. This protection includes:
· The
inability to reproduce the material without consent of the author or creator of
the work
o Note:
Copyright, with no required formal registration, is automatically granted at
the creation of the work.
· Multimedia
presentations differ in the sense that they would be able to be legally used
with the copyrighted material within it so long as they were being contained to
classroom usage only. However, they would not be legally viable if everyone
could gain access to see them and use them. That would then be a violation of
the rights of they author.
2. What is fair Use and how does it apply to
teachers? Give specific examples.
· “Fair
Use is the using of copyrighted information for the “transformative” purposes
in parody, criticism, or commentary.”
· This
allows people to use existing information without first getting permission from
the author.
· Example:
If a teacher wanted to use a graphic from National Geographic for one of
geography lessons, she would be able to under Fair Use.
o However,
if the same teachers uses the same graphic, without permission from the author,
on her personal website where everyone could access it, she would be in
violation of the right’s of the author.
3. Are the following
allowed?
a. Copying a
graphic from a page on the web to your web page
b. Linking to
another person’s webpage
c. Borrowing
the source code to design your own web page
d. Downloading
music files and linking to your webpage
e. Posting
student work to your website
4. What guidelines should
you give your students regarding what is legal in designing multimedia
presentations and websites?
I would make them aware of Fair Use and how it applies to
them so they can freely use graphics and such in their presentation if it is
strictly for the intent of educational purposes. However, I would make sure
they knew that if they intended to use their presentation or distribute it
anywhere else outside of the classroom that they would be in violation of the
copyrighted material in their presentation.
Section
2: Plagiarism
5. What is
plagiarism?
Plagiarism is the practice of taking someone else's work or
ideas and passing them off as one's own.
6. How can teachers detect plagiarism?
Today there are several programs that educational facilities
and teachers can utilize to detect plagiarism. These programs, some free and
some for a fee, allow you to upload the students work and it will scan it for
areas in which plagiarism are detected. Teachers also have the ability to
manually go through each students work and check it based upon the citations
the student has provided.
7. What guidelines should you give your students to help
them distinguish between appropriate use of another’s work and plagiarism? Are
there any appropriate websites you could give them?
8. As a teacher, will you use any of the digital plagiarism
detectors? Why or why not? What are your choices?
9. What are the ways your student may try to
cheat in your class?
I would like to teach elementary grades and therefore I do
not believe that the cheating that will happen in my classes will be too high
tech or sneaky. Granted, cheating has changed a great deal since I was in
elementary school but the reasons haven’t. I believe elementary grade students
will try the basic methods of cheating such as:
- · Looking
over at each other’s sheets
- · Asking
their neighbor for the answer
- · Maybe
trying to look at papers in their desks
- · Looking
around the classroom to try and see answers
- · Trying
to communicate with their friends
- · Leaving
papers out so they can look at them
Section
3: Filtering
10. What are the risks of allowing your students
to access the Internet?
The risks of allowing
students to access the Internet are endless. The Internet is a vast mass of
infinite possibilities. There are always risks such as:
- · Viewing
inappropriate content
- · Being
exposed to racist and prejudiced comments
- · Communicating
with inappropriate people
- · Unintentionally
getting involved in dangerous conversations or websites
11. What choices do you have as an educator to
protect your students from pornography, abuse, harassment, etc. on the
Internet? Be specific.
There is the option of protecting students by installing
filters on all forms of technology the students will be using. This will allow
for certain content, that I preset, to be blocked automatically. In addition,
you can choose to make the filter as vague or detailed as necessary and block
certain content based on grade level. In addition, there are technologies
supervisors that can be hired and utilized to monitor what sites and content
are being accessed by the students. This will allow for constant supervision
and tighter restrictions.
12. How will you supervise students’ use of the
Internet?
I will supervise to the best of my ability but there is no
way that I can be watching every student every time they are using the
Internet. However, I will ask the technology supervisor to notify me if there
are any discrepancies occurring or if they have any potential concerns. In
addition, I will be randomly checking usage so students know that they can be
checked on at any point. Moreover, if budget permits, I will request an
educational assistant to assist me in the classroom as well as walking around
to help me keep an eye on the students.
13. What are the
various types of filtering software? Advantages and disadvantages?
Section
4: Computers and Software (Do you agree…Why/WhyNot)
14. A student snaps in half a CD-ROM the teacher
really needed for her next class. The teacher decides to make a back-up copy of
all her crucial disks so it never happens again. This is permissible.
I do not agree. This is not permissible because it breaks
the author/creator’s copyrights. Making a back up is illegally copying
information that is protected by a copyright. Fair Use does not cover this type
of usage even if it is for the intent of education.
15. A technology
coordinator installs the one copy of Photoshop the school owns on a central
server so students are able to access it from their classroom workstations.
This is a violation of copyright law.
Yes this is a violation of the copyright law. This is
because the purchase of the software is meant for only one computer to download
and use. If the entire school would like
to use the program then a different license, with different guidelines and
rights, needs to be purchased.
Loading the software onto multiple computers from one
package infringes on the companies right to increase their revenue.
16. A school has a site license for version 3.3 of a
multimedia program. A teacher buys five copies of version 4.0, which is more
powerful, and installs them on five workstations in the computer lab. But now
when students at these workstations create a project and bring it back to their
classrooms, the computers (running 3.3) won't read the work! To end the chaos,
it's permissible to install 4.0 on all machines.
17. The state
mandates technology proficiency for all high school students but adds no money
to schools' software budgets. To ensure equity, public schools are allowed to
buy what software they can afford and copy the rest.
There is no problem with each school purchasing the software
they can afford, even though I believe this would give certain high-income
schools an advantage over lower income schools. However, no matter what
software is purchased, unless clearly stated, cannot be copied. This is against
copyright law and reduces the revenue the software company has the right to
generate.
In order to proceed with this mandate, the state should make
sure they provide all necessary resources for the schools to carry it out
legally.
18. A geography teacher has more students and computers than
software. He uses a CD burner to make several copies of a copyright interactive
CD-ROM so each student can use an individual copy in class. This is fair use.
Section
5: The Internet (Do you agree…Why/WhyNot)
19. A middle school
science class studying ocean ecosystems must gather material for multimedia
projects. The teacher downloads pictures and information on marine life from
various commercial and noncommercial sites to store in a folder for students to
access.
I would agree that this is fair use because the materials
used are being shared with educational intent and are being used in the limits
of the classroom. In addition, they are being shared with students so the
students can use it for their educational purposes. I don’t think the teacher
would lose anything if they chose to share the sources with their students as
well.
20. An elementary
school designs a password-protected Web site for families and faculty only.
It's OK for teachers to post student work there, even when it uses copyright
material without permission.
This is not okay; even if it is password protected it is
still using copyrighted material without permission. The teacher should teach
their students how to properly cite their material or have them correct it and
then post it on the website. This would allow for the students to learn the
proper way to use copyrighted material and at the same time their work could be
used on the website. Another facet that might become a problem is the usage of
students work on a website. Schools should send out a media release to protect them
and be able to use such work freely.
21. A student film buff downloads a new release from a
Taiwanese Web site to use for a humanities project. As long as the student
gives credit to the sites from which he's downloaded material, this is covered
under fair use.
22. A technology coordinator downloads audio clips from
MP3.com to integrate into a curriculum project. This is fair use.
23. A teacher gets
clip art and music from popular file-sharing sites, then creates a lesson plan
and posts it on the school Web site to share with other teachers. This is
permissible.
Yes it is permissible. The fair use would protect this usage
to a certain extent. The clip art and music are being used with educational
intent and for educational purposes. However, since it will be used on the
website the teacher should use citations for all copyrighted material.
Section
6: Video (Do you agree…Why/WhyNot)
24. A teacher
videotapes a rerun of Frontier House, the PBS reality show that profiles three
modern families living as homesteaders from the 1880s did. In class, students
edit themselves "into" the frontier and make fun of the spoiled
family from California. This is fair use.
I believe since the teacher recorded and made available the
entire show, it is not permissible and does not fall under fair use. If the
teacher wanted to use the show they should purchase a copy so they are not
infringing on the company’s right to generate revenue. Another option would be
to only record a short clip of the movie and allow students to use that
portion.
25. A student tries
to digitize the shower scene from a rented copy of Psycho into a "History
of Horror" report. Her computer won't do it. The movie happens to be on an
NBC station that week, so the teacher tapes it and then digitizes it on the
computer for her. This is fair use.
I do not believe this is fair use because the movie is not
allowed to be copied in any manner. It is legally copyrighted and therefore has
rights that cannot be infringed upon. The students and teachers are in
violation of the copyright laws and in order to digitize the shower scene they
must first obtain permission.
26. A history class videotapes a Holocaust survivor who
lives in the community. The students digitally compress the interview, and,
with the interviewee's permission, post it on the Web. Another school discovers
the interview online and uses it in their History Day project. This is fair
use.
27. On Back-to-School
night, an elementary school offers childcare for students' younger siblings.
They put the kids in the library and show them Disney VHS tapes bought by the
PTA. This is permissible.
The school is not in violation of any rights and the viewing
of the movies is permissible. No copyright laws are not infringed upon and the
school purchased the videos so they did not impose on the company’s right to
generate revenue.
28. A teacher makes a compilation of movie clips from
various VHS tapes to use in his classroom as lesson starters. This is covered
under fair use.
Section
7: Multimedia (Do you agree…Why/WhyNot)
29. At a local
electronics show, a teacher buys a machine that defeats the copy protection on
DVDs, CD-ROMs, and just about everything else. She lets her students use it so
they can incorporate clips from rented DVDs into their film genre projects.
This is fair use.
This is not fair use whatsoever. Fair use does not protect the
defeating of copyrights. This is a violation of the authors/creators rights
upon their work. The teacher using it is a violation and allowing her students
to use it as well is a greater violation; even if it is for educational
purposes. The intent may be for education but it is still a violation of
copyrights and may be viewed as piracy.
30. A number of students
take digital pictures of local streets and businesses for their Web projects.
These are permissible to post online.
If the students have taken the digital pictures themselves
then they own the rights of the pictures and may upload them at their
discretion. This is applicable so long as the photos do not contain any
copyrighted material. In that case, the students would need to obtain
permission for the usage of those items in order to post them.
31. A student wants
to play a clip of ethnic music to represent her family's country of origin. Her
teacher has a CD that meets her needs. It is fair use for the student to copy and
use the music in her project.
This would be permissible if the usage of the CD met the
requirements (see question 1 answer). In addition, the music on the CD must
only be used for educational purposes within the classroom. The music should
not be used for any other purposes or it would violate certain rights and laws.
32. A high school video class produces a DVD yearbook that
includes the year's top ten music hits as background music. This is fair use.
33. Last year, a school's science fair multimedia CD-ROM was
so popular everyone wanted a copy of it. Everything in it was copied under fair
use guidelines. It's permissible for the school to sell copies to recover the
costs of reproduction.
Section
8: Cases
34. You recently
purchased a DK Multimedia CD using your own funds for use on computer equipment
in your classroom. Another teacher likes the software and borrows your CD so
she can evaluate it for use in her classroom. A few weeks later, you find out
that numerous other teachers in your school have a copy of the DK Multimedia
CD. You ask the teacher about this and she says, “Oh, this is so cool. I have a
CD-RW on my home computer and it is so easy to copy CDs. I am so proud of
myself! I made one for everyone!” You know this breaks copyright laws, could
get the school fined, and that it also is morally and ethically wrong. What to
do! Should you tell your principal or technology facilitator? Could you be
liable since you loaned her the original CD? How will you solve this dilemma?
First I would discuss with the teacher why I felt what he did was wrong and unethical. I would explain to him how I believe how what he did infringed on the company's right to earn a profit and how he made the company lose profits on each CD he copied. I would suggest we purchase copies through the company for teachers who wanted to use the software. Depending on how respondent he was, I would then notify the technology department of the copyright problem and brief them on the situation. I would also contact the teachers and let them know what happened and ask them to discard the CDs they received. I would tell them to put a supply request if they wanted the CD to use in their classrooms.
I don't believe I would be responsible or liable for this because I did not loan out the CD with the intent of him using it in this matter. I did not know what he was going to do with the CD and therefore am not liable for the actions he took. Also, I allowed him to barrow the CD for educational and promotional purposes.
35. Software manufacturers are watching school districts
closely for evidences of illegal use of software. Recently, a major school
district was fined $300,000 for having multiple copies of non-licensed software
installed on classroom computers. Teachers often illegally install multiple
copies of single-user programs on their classroom computers. What are some of
the ethical issues regarding software piracy? Why is illegally installing
software so prevalent in K–12 schools? How does the software industry deal with
violators of software copyright law? Describe several ways in which school
districts can prevent illegal software from being installed on school
computers.
Section
9: Laws
36. What is the
Children’s Internet Protection Act?
“The Children’s
Internet Protection Act (CIPA) is a federal law enacted by Congress to address
concerns about access to offensive content over the Internet on school and
library computers. CIPA imposes certain types of requirements on any school or
library that receives funding for Internet access or internal connections from
the E-rate program – a program that makes certain communications technology
more affordable for eligible schools and libraries. In early 2001, the FCC
issued rules implementing CIPA.” (http://www.fcc.gov/guides/childrens-internet-protection-act)
37. What is the
Digital Millennium Copyright Act?
“The Digital
Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) is a controversial United States digital rights
management (DRM) law enacted October 28, 1998 by
then-President Bill Clinton. The intent behind DMCA was to create an updated
version of copyright laws to deal with the special challenges of regulating
digital material. Broadly, the aim of DMCA is to protect the rights of both
copyright owners and consumers. The law complies with the World Intellectual
Property Organization (WIPO) Copyright Treaty and the WIPO Performances and
Phonograms Treaty, both of which were ratified by over 50 countries around the
world in 1996.” (http://whatis.techtarget.com/definition/Digital-Millennium-Copyright-Act-DMCA)
38. What is the Teach
Act of 2002?
http://ctl.fsu.edu/explore/bestPractices/docs/TEACHAct.pdf
“Senate Passes TEACH Act Defining New Copyright Rules for
Distance Education The TEACH Act amends Sections 110(2) and 112 of the
Copyright Act of 1976 to give instructors at accredited nonprofit educational
institutions greater flexibility to use third party copyrighted works in online
course delivery. The bill permits the display and performance of virtually all
types of works during online instruction without the consent of the copyright
owner, provided that:
•The online instruction at an eligible institution is
mediated by an instructor.
•The transmission of the material is intended only for
receipt by students enrolled in the course, regardless of where the students
are physically located.
•The institution must employ measures to prevent
"retention of the work in
accessible form by recipients of the transmission…for longer than the
class session;" and
•The institution employs measures that limit the
transmission of the material to students enrolled in the particular course and
precludes unauthorized student retention and/or downstream redistribution
"to the extent technologically feasible."
(http://ctl.fsu.edu/explore/bestPractices/docs/TEACHAct.pdf)
39. What is the Child Online Protection Act (COPA and COPPA?
40. What is the Copyright and Fair Use Law?
